With thousands of workers failing to turn up for work at Impala Platinum’s Rustenburg operations, the company says it cannot directly engage the union responsible for encouraging the stayaway, the Association of Mineworkers and Construction Union (AMCU), because it only has a recognition agreement with the National Union of Mineworkers. The NUM maintains support among miners for the stayaway was not widespread and that intimidation by some 2,000 AMCU members was the root cause.